Slot machine classes

Las_Vegas_slot_machinesThe following statements are generalities, not actual laws for every jurisdiction. There is no federal law governing slot machines, so these classifications may vary from state to state.

Some states have restrictions on the type (called “class”) of slot machines that can be used in a casino or other gaming area. “Class III” (or “traditional”) slot machines operate independently from a centralized computer system and a player’s chance of winning any payout is the same with every play. Class III slots are most often seen in Nevada or Atlantic City and are sometimes referred to as “Vegas-style slots”.

“Class II” slot machines (also known as “video lottery terminals” or “VLTs”) are connected to a centralized computer system that determines the outcome of each wager. In this way, Class II slot machines mimic scratch-off lottery tickets in that each machine has an equal chance of winning a series of limited prizes. Either class of slot machines may or may not have a player skill element.

In general a game must have all characteristics of a Class II game to be a Class II game. Any characteristic of a Class III game makes it a Class III game. The casino pays a fee to the state for each Class III game and can only purchase so many Class III licenses. There is no such restriction for Class II games. Class II games are not so tightly regulated by the state.

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Random number generators

Image(04)All modern machines are designed using Random Number Generators, which are constantly generating random numbers, at a rate of hundreds or perhaps thousands per second. As soon as the “Play” button is pressed, the most recent random number is used to determine the result. This means that the result varies depending on exactly when the game is played. A fraction of a second earlier or later, and the result would be different.

It is important that the machine contains a high-quality RNG implementation, because all RNGs (so-called pseudorandom number generators or PRNGs) must in theory eventually repeat their number sequence (see Art of Computer Programming Vol 2 Chap 3), and if the period is short, or the RNG is otherwise flawed, an advantage player may be able to ‘predict’ the next result. Having access to the PRNG code and seed values Ronald Dale Harris, a former slot machine programmer, discovered equations for specific gambling games like Keno that allowed him to predict what the next set of selected numbers would be based on the previous games played.

Most machines are designed to defeat this by picking numbers even when the machine is not being played, so the player cannot tell where in the sequence they are, even if he knows how the machine was programmed.

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Progressive jackpot

A progressive jackpot is a jackpot (highest payoff) for a gaming machine (usually a slot machine or video poker machine) where the value of the jackpot increases a small amount for every game played. Normally multiple machines are “linked” together to form one large progressive jackpot that grows more quickly because multiple players are contributing to the jackpot at the same time.

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